Comparative Political Analysis MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Comparative Political Analysis - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The Correct Answer is By making concessions to the oppressed

Explanation:

Poulantzas argued that the state obtains the consent of the oppressed by forming class alliances and making concessions to subordinate groups.

Key Points

Nicos Poulantzas, a prominent Marxist theorist, was known for his contributions to the study of the state and its role in maintaining capitalist systems. He argued that the state obtains the consent of the oppressed primarily through a combination of the following elements:

• Poulantzas believed that the capitalist state often uses a mix of coercive and ideological measures to secure the consent of the oppressed or working-class population. One of these ideological measures is making certain concessions to the working class. By offering limited reforms or social benefits, the state can provide some material improvement in the lives of the oppressed, which can lead to a sense of gratitude or reliance on the state. This can create a perception that the state is working in the interests of the working class, even while maintaining the overall capitalist system.
• While Poulantzas acknowledged that repression and force were tools the state could use to control dissent, he emphasized the importance of the ideological and economic dimensions in securing consent. The state's ability to provide some social services or economic stability can help maintain a semblance of social order and legitimacy, reducing the need for excessive repression.

 Additional Information

• According to Poulantzas, the state obtains the consent of the oppressed not solely through repression and force but also by offering concessions and making limited reforms to create a sense of dependency and compliance among the working class.
• This approach serves to stabilize the capitalist system while keeping the potential for unrest at bay.

The correct option is i, iii, ii,  iv

Key Points 

i. The Age of Nationalism by Hans Kohn. - 1962

• The Nationalist Idea studies in depth the emergence of nationalism, its fundamental principles, and its global ramifications from Hebrew and Greek antiquity until the eve of the French Revolution.
• Kohn was uniquely qualified to conduct this investigation, as Calhoun demonstrates.
• He spent the years of World War One in Asian Russia and later travelled widely in the Near East to study the nationalist movements of western and southern Asia. H
• He also studied the issue of nationality in multinational cultures.

ii. Comparative Politics : A Developmental Approach by G. Almond and B. Powell. - 1966

• Political systems identified by Almond and Powell in their typology or classification scheme have been described and analysed.
• The connected variables of structural differentiation, subsystem autonomy, and secularization have been demonstrated to have a propensity to fluctuate together.

iii. A Framework for Political Analysis by David Easton.- 1965

• David Easton creates a way for understanding the fundamental processes by which political systems, regardless of general or specialised types, try to adapt and prevail as systems of behavior in a world of either stability or change in his framework for political analysis.
• It creates a structured system of ideas that serves as both a foundation for a behavioral theory of politics and a framework for what may be referred to as a systems analysis of political activity.

iv. Theories of Development : Capitalism, Colonialism and Dependency by Jorge Larrain.- 1989

• The book discusses historical explanations of development, primarily those of Marx, but it also takes into consideration current discussions of the topic.
• In-depth and fair attention is given to theories of imperialism, neo-imperialism, dependency, world systems theory, and other notions.
• The author's emphasis on using examples from Latin American experiences in this regard is a distinguishing aspect of the work that links theoretical interpretation with actual application.

Thus, the correct option is iii, ii, i, iv.

The correct answer is 'A and B Only'

Key Points

• Input-Output Analysis by David Easton:
  • David Easton was a political scientist known for his systemic approach to studying political systems.
  • His input-output analysis is a framework for understanding how political systems operate by examining the inputs (demands and supports) and outputs (decisions and actions).
  • The inputs include demands and supports from the environment, while the outputs are the decisions and actions taken by the political system.
  • Feedback loops are also crucial in this analysis as they help to understand how the outputs affect future inputs.

Additional Information

• Development and Growth:
  • These are not considered variables in Easton's input-output analysis.
  • Development and Growth are broader concepts that may result from the functioning of political systems but are not part of the input-output framework specifically.

The correct answer is 'Otto Kinchneiur'

Key Points

• Catch-All-Party:
  • The term "catch-all-party" refers to political parties that aim to attract a broad spectrum of voters, rather than focusing on a specific class or interest group.
  • Otto Kinchneiur is credited with coining the term "catch-all-party" in the mid-20th century to describe the shift in strategy of many political parties to appeal to a wider electorate.
  • This concept highlights the adaptation of political parties to changing societal structures and the need to garner widespread support to achieve electoral success.

Additional Information

• C. Wright Mills:
  • C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist known for his works on the structure of power in the U.S., particularly his book "The Power Elite."
  • He did not coin the term "catch-all-party," but his contributions to sociology include the study of social structures and power dynamics.
• William Gladstone:
  • William Gladstone was a British statesman and four-time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the 19th century.
  • He is known for his liberal policies and reforms but did not coin the term "catch-all-party."
• Bertrand Russell:
  • Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic, renowned for his work in analytical philosophy and logic.
  • He did not coin the term "catch-all-party," but his contributions to philosophy and social theory are significant.

The correct answer is 'Samuel P. Huntington'

Key Points

• Political Decay:
  • Samuel P. Huntington introduced the concept of "Political Decay" in his seminal work "Political Order in Changing Societies" (1968).
  • Political Decay refers to the process by which political systems deteriorate in their ability to maintain order and ensure good governance.
  • Huntington argued that political systems may fail to adapt to changing social and economic conditions, leading to instability, corruption, and inefficiency.
  • He emphasized the importance of institutional development and the role of political organizations in maintaining political order.

Additional Information

• Lucian W. Pye:
  • Lucian W. Pye was a political scientist known for his work on political culture and development, but he did not specifically develop the concept of political decay.
• Sidney Verba:
  • Sidney Verba was a prominent political scientist who focused on civic culture and political participation. While his work has been influential, he did not coin the term political decay.
• Almond and Powell:
  • Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell are known for their contributions to comparative politics and the study of political systems, but they did not introduce the concept of political decay.

The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D Only'

Key Points

• Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as a Cadre Based Party:
  • The CCP is an example of a cadre-based party, characterized by a highly organized structure with a small, professional, and committed core of party members.
  • Such parties emphasize discipline, ideological training, and loyalty among their members.
• Otto Kirchheimer and 'Catch-All Parties':
  • Otto Kirchheimer introduced the concept of "catch-all parties" which aim to attract a broad spectrum of voters, often by de-emphasizing ideological purity.
  • These parties seek to maximize their electoral appeal by broadening their policy platforms.
• US Republican and Democratic Parties as Catch-All Parties:
  • Kirchheimer categorized the US Republican and Democratic parties as catch-all parties due to their strategies to attract diverse voter bases and their pragmatic approach to policy issues.
  • These parties often shift their positions on various issues to gain wider support.
• Anthony Downs on Politicians as Power-Seeking Creatures:
  • Anthony Downs, in his economic theory of democracy, portrays politicians as power-seeking individuals who are willing to adopt any policy that will increase their chances of electoral success.
  • This pragmatic approach aligns with the behavior observed in catch-all parties.

Additional Information

• Thomas Jefferson and the UK Declaration of Freedom:
  • Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the US Declaration of Independence, not a UK Declaration of Freedom.
  • The error in statement E disqualifies options that include it as correct.

The correct answer is 'A, C, D Only.'

Key Points

• Comparative Politics:
  • Comparative Politics involves the study and comparison of political systems globally. It examines political institutions, processes, and behaviors across different countries.
• Traditional approach in Comparative Politics:
  • In traditional approach, emphasis is on value-laden study of politics:
  • The traditional approach often includes normative and philosophical aspects and focuses on the values and moral judgments in political analysis.
• Behavioural approach:
  • David Easton is one of the leading theorists of Behaviouralism:
  • David Easton significantly contributed to the Behavioural approach, emphasizing empirical and scientific methods in political science.
  • David Easton's input-output analysis has three main variables in the form of demands, supports, and feedbacks:
  • Easton's system analysis model includes inputs (demands and supports), the political system, and outputs (decisions and actions), with feedback loops.

Additional Information

• Behavioural approach is one of the important traditional approaches:
  • This is incorrect.
  • The Behavioural approach is not a traditional approach; it emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against the traditional, normative approaches, focusing more on empirical and scientific methods.
• 'Political assassination is one of the important positive indices of political development:
  • This is incorrect.
  • Political assassination is generally viewed as a negative and destabilizing factor in political development, not a positive index.

The correct answer is Stress relief.

Explanation: Détente is a term often used in international relations to describe a period of improved relations between countries, especially among countries that were previously antagonistic or in conflict.

 Key Points

• The term is French for "relaxation" or "easing" or stress relief and is used to refer to a thawing or easing of tensions and hostilities. 
• Détente is characterized by diplomatic negotiations, treaties, and agreements that aim to reduce the risk of conflict, promote mutual understanding, and establish more stable and peaceful relations.
• A well-known example of détente was the period of eased relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, particularly in the 1970s, which led to several significant agreements on arms control and cooperation in various areas.

The correct answer is Executive branch of government.

Explanation: Delegated legislation, also known as secondary or subordinate legislation, refers to laws or regulations that are not passed directly by a primary legislative body (such as a parliament or congress) but are instead made by an individual or body under powers granted to them by a primary legislation. The executive branch of the government, which includes various ministers, departments, and agencies, is often responsible for creating delegated legislation.

Key Points

The process works as follows:

• Primary Legislation: The primary legislative body enacts a primary piece of legislation (an Act of Parliament or a statute), which sets out the broad framework and principles of the law. This legislation often includes provisions that delegate powers to ministers or government departments to make more detailed rules and regulations within the framework established by the Act.
• Delegation: The primary legislation will specify who has the power to make the delegated legislation, the scope of that power, and any specific procedures that must be followed. This delegation of power is necessary because the primary legislative body cannot foresee all the detailed regulations needed to implement and administer complex laws in various fields, such as taxation, environmental protection, or public health.
• Making of Delegated Legislation: The authorized body or individual then uses these delegated powers to make specific rules, regulations, orders, or by-laws. These are the delegated legislations that provide the details necessary to apply and enforce the primary legislation.
• Advantages: Delegated legislation allows for laws to be made more efficiently and flexibly than would be possible if every detail had to be debated and passed by the primary legislative body. It enables the law to be adapted to changing circumstances and to address complex or technical matters that require specialist knowledge.
• Concerns and Safeguards: Delegated legislation can raise concerns about democratic accountability because it is not made by the elected legislative body. To address these concerns, there are usually safeguards in place, such as requirements for consultation, publication, and the ability for the legislative body to scrutinize and, if necessary, revoke delegated legislation.

 Additional Information

• Delegated legislation is a practical tool that allows the executive branch of the government to make detailed legal rules within a framework established by primary legislation.
• It is essential for the effective and efficient administration of complex modern states but requires appropriate safeguards to maintain democratic accountability.

The correct answer is Stasiology.

Stasiology is the study of political parties.

Key Points

• Maurice Duverger used the term Stasiology in his book Political Parties(1951). He is known for his contribution to law of electoral system.
• Demography is the statistical study of the human population.
• Psephology, a method within the field of political science known as political methodology, is the "quantitative analysis of elections and balloting". Political forecasting is related to psephology, which uses science to explain elections.