Computer Organization and Architecture MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Computer Organization and Architecture - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is Cache memory

Key Points

• locality of reference is the tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short period of time
• There are two basic types of reference locality - temporal and spatial locality
  • Temporal locality refers to the reuse of resources, within a relatively small-time duration
  • Spatial locality refers to the use of data elements within relatively close storage locations
• Cache needs high degree of locality of reference so that recently accessed pages or closely placed page are found in cache, this increases the cache hit rate which increases the performance of System
• Locality of reference becomes crucial principle in Cache because cost of cache is very high, and size is small

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code is an eight-bit character encoding used mainly on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer operating systems.

Looking at the first octet of an IP address, you can identify the class of that address.

 Class A : 1 - 127

Class B : 128 - 191

Class C : 192 - 223

Class D : 224 - 239

Class E : 240 - 254

In IP address 135.0.10.27, first octet is 135 which lies in range 128 - 191 of class B.

The correct answer is OCR.

Key Points

• Optical Character Recognition or abbreviated as OCR is an input device used to convert scanned images of handwritten text, and printed text or documents into digital format. Hence option 2 is correct.
• It used both hardware and software such as a scanner to capture the text and software to process the data.
  • Hardware captures the text and the software converts the document into a two-colour (black and white) format in which the dark area is considered as text and a lighter area is considered as background.

Additional Information

• MICR or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition is an input device used to read the text printed with magnetic ink. 
  • It is used in banks to verify checks and in other organizations for checking the authenticity of documents.
• A Light pen is a light-sensitive device used to interact with the user interface by selecting the text or clicking the checkboxes on the screen.
• A Digitizer is an input device with a stylus and is mainly used for drawing and creating graphics to display on the monitor.

Concept:

Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory (random-access memory), independent of the central processing unit (CPU).

Types:

There are three modes of DMA operation:

Burst mode DMA:

• CPU can be put on hold while the DMA transfer occurs and a full block of possibly hundreds or thousands of bytes can be moved
• For the entire duration of the transfer, the CPU stays idle and the DMA controller and the peripheral device gets complete access to the system buses

Transparent mode:

• It takes the most time to transfer a block of data, yet it is also the most efficient mode in terms of overall system performance
• In transparent mode, the DMA controller transfers data only when the CPU is performing operations that do not use the system buses

Cycle stealing mode:

In this only one byte of data transferred in a single request, after one byte of data transfer, the control of the system bus is given back to the CPU transferring one byte of data per request, until the entire block of data has been transferred.

Important Point:

The correct answer is DRAM.

Key Points

• DRAM:
  • It is dynamic random access memory and is widely used as a computer's main memory. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
  • Each DRAM memory cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit is stored in the capacitor.
• DDR-RAM:
  • It stands for Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory.
  • These are the computer memory that transfers the data twice as fast as regular chips like SDRAM chips because DDR memory can send and receive signals twice per clock cycle as a comparison.
• SRAM:
  • It stands for Static Random Access Memory.
  • It is a form of a semiconductor.
  • It is widely used in microprocessors, general computing applications, and electronic devices.
  • The SRAM is volatile in nature which means the data stored in it gets all wiped out once the power supply is cut.
  • SRAM is comprised of flip-flops. 
• PRAM:
  • In computer science, a parallel random-access machine is a shared-memory abstract machine.
  • As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended as the parallel-computing analogy to the random-access machine.

The Correct Answer is ROM.

Key Points

• The permanent memory of a computer is known as ROM(Read-only memory).
• In computers and other electronic devices, read-only memory (ROM) is a form of non-volatile memory.
• After the memory unit is manufactured, data contained in ROM cannot be electronically changed. Read-only memory, also known as firmware, is useful for storing software that is rarely updated during the life of the device.
• Plug-in cartridges containing ROM can be used to distribute software applications (such as video games) for programmable computers.
• Read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired and cannot be modified electronically after manufactures, such as a diode matrix or a mask ROM integrated circuit (IC).

Additional Information

• The memory is permanently installed on your computer. This is a read-only memory. The working memory of a computer, also known as random-access memory. The hardware allows data to be passed through a device. 
• Random-access memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory that allows data and machine code to be read and modified in any order. It is commonly used to store working data and machine code.
• A CD-ROM is a data-containing optical compact disc that has been pre-pressed. CD-ROMs are a form of read-only memory that computers can read but not write to or delete.
• The electronic circuitry that executes instructions in a computer programme is known as a central processing unit (CPU), also known as a central processor, main processor, or simply processor.

• It is an impact printing technology invented in 1970 by Dr. Andrew Gabor at Diablo Data Systems.
• It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements, each with typically 96 glyphs, to generate high-quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric, but two to three times faster.

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The correct answer is ALU, Control unit, Registers, and Internal bus.

Key Points

There are three basic units of a computer system:

1. Input Unit: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light pen, Trackball etc.
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Output Unit: Monitor and Printer

Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the most important unit, where all the processing jobs take place. CPU is the control centre of the computer and hence it is said to be the brain of the computer. CPU has three main components:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs all the arithmetic operations like addition (+), multiplication (*), subtraction (-), division (/) on the numerical data directed by the control unit. All the logical operations, like less than (<), greater than (>), equal to (=), not equal to (≠) etc. are also carried out by ALU.
2. Control Unit (CU): It controls and coordinates all the operations taking place in the system. It controls the flow of data and information from one unit to the other.
3. Registers/Memory Unit (MU): To execute a program, data and instructions need to be stored temporarily. This storage is done in the MU. The data and instructions are retrieved from MU by Control Unit for supplying to ALU as when required by the program.
4. Internal bus: To transfer the data

The correct option is (1)

Architecture

Concept:-

The organization and interconnection of the various components of the computer system are Architecture.

Key Points

• A specification for how a set of software and hardware technology standards combine to build a computer system or platform is known as computer architecture.
• In a nutshell, computer architecture describes how a computer system is built and which technologies it supports.
• Computer architecture is a set of rules and procedures used in computer engineering to explain the functioning, organization, and implementation of computer systems.
• The CPU, memory input/output device, and communication channels that connect them are the primary components in a conventional computer system.

Additional InformationNetworks:- A network is made up of two or more computers that are connected in order to share resources, exchange files, or send and receive electronic messages.

Graphics:- A design or visual picture exhibited on a number of media, such as canvas, paper, walls, signage, or a computer monitor, is referred to as a graphic.

Designing:- Design is an art form, a technique of human expression that imbues objects through a system of highly developed procedures.

The correct answer is cookie.

Key Points

• A cookie is a small text file (up to 4 KB) created by a website that is stored in the user's computer temporarily for only that session or permanently in storage.
  • Cookies provide a way for the website to recognize you and track your preferences.
  • Cookies are typically used to "maintain the state" of the browser session. For example, users can place items in a shopping cart, switch to another page or another site, and when they return, the site recognizes them and the current state of the cart.
  • Cookies consist of a series of URLs (addresses) for which they are valid. When the web browser or other HTTP application again sends a request to the webserver containing those URLs, it sends it along with the associated cookies.
  • For example, if your user ID and password are stored in a cookie, this saves you from typing the same information over and over again the next time you access that service.
  • Cookies allow the website to customize the pages and create a custom experience for each individual.

Additional Information

• Malware
  • Malware is malicious software intended to cause damage to a computer or network.
  • Types of malware include viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
  • Malware can find its way onto computers when a user clicks a link or email attachment that installs malicious software.
• Bug
  • A bug computer definition is referred to as a failure or a flaw in the software program.
  • A Bug produces an incorrect or undesired result that deviates from the expected result or behaviour.
  • When you add two numbers using this app and if it shows you a wrong total, then we can say this app has a bug.
• Cache
  • The cache is the temporary memory officially termed "CPU cache memory".
  • "Cache" is also used to refer to any temporary collection of data, either in hardware or software.

The correct answer is Flash memory.

Key Points

• Flash memory is a type of memory that functions similarly to RAM and ROM.
• You can write data to flash memory just like you can to RAM, however, unlike ROM, the data isn't lost when the power is turned off. Read-only memory is referred to as ROM.
• Although the CPU can read from ROM, it cannot write to or modify it. ROM is a long-term storage medium.
• Random-access memory (RAM) refers to memory that the microprocessor can read from and write to. It's done in RAM when you construct something in memory.

Important Points

• The smallest and fastest memory in a computer is register memory.
• External memory, often known as secondary memory, refers to the numerous storage media that a computer might use to store data and applications.
• Cache memory, often known as cache, is a supplementary memory system that saves frequently used instructions and data in order for the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to perform them more quickly.

The Correct Answer is BIOS.

Key Points

• The first instructor of the bootstrap loader program of an operating system is stored in BIOS(Basic Input/Output System).
• The bootstrap loader is a programme that resides on the EPROM, ROM or other non-volatile memory of the machine.
• It is executed by the processor automatically when the device is turned on. To continue installing the computer's operating system, the bootstrap loader reads the boot sector of the hard drives.
• The bootstrap loader first conducts the power-on self-test, also referred to as POST, when the machine is switched on or restarted.
• The bootstrap loader loads the operating system for the machine into memory if the POST is successful and no problems are found.
• It is then possible for the machine to access, load, and operate the operating system.
• In computers that have an EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface), the bootstrap loader has been replaced and is now part of the EFI BIOS.

The correct answer is  Storage medium.

Key Points

• CD-ROM, an abbreviation of compact disc read-only memory, type of computer memory in the form of a compact disc that is read by optical means.
• A CD-ROM drive uses a low-power laser beam to read digitized (binary) data that has been encoded in the form of tiny pits on an optical disk.
• The drive then feeds the data to a computer for processing.
• With a storage capacity of 680 megabytes, the CD-ROM found rapid commercial acceptance as an alternative to so-called floppy disks.
• Unlike conventional magnetic storage technologies (e.g., tapes, floppy disks, and hard disks), CDs and CD-ROMs are not recordable hence the tag “read-only.”

Additional Information

• MP3 File:
  • MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3) is a standard technology and format for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality when it is played.
  • MP3 provides near CD-quality audio.
  • It is one of the most common music file types.
• Microprocessor:
  • A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work.
  • It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
• Magnetic Disk:
  •  A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a magnetization process to write, rewrite, and access data.
  • It is covered with a magnetic coating and stores data in the form of tracks, spots, and sectors.
  • Hard disks, zip disks, and floppy disks are common examples of magnetic disks.