Glands and Hormones MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Glands and Hormones - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is Blood

Explanation:

• Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which play crucial roles in maintaining blood glucose levels.
• The endocrine function of the pancreas involves the secretion of these hormones directly into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach their target cells in various parts of the body.
• Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas (beta cells for insulin and alpha cells for glucagon) into the blood.
• The blood serves as the transport medium for these hormones, carrying them to target tissues such as the liver, muscles, and fat cells.
• The bloodstream ensures rapid and efficient delivery, enabling the hormones to regulate blood sugar levels effectively.

The correct answer is Adrenal medulla

Explanation:

• The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the secretion of hormones from many other endocrine glands in the body.
• It secretes hormones like ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone), and others, which regulate various glands and organs. However, not all endocrine glands are under the direct control of the pituitary gland.
  • Adrenal medulla: The secretion of hormones from the adrenal medulla is not controlled by the pituitary gland. Instead, it is regulated directly by the autonomic nervous system. The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which are involved in the "fight or flight" response. These hormones are released in response to stress and are controlled by neural signals rather than hormonal signals from the pituitary.
  • Adrenal cortex: The adrenal cortex is under the control of the pituitary gland via ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids, such as cortisol, which play a role in stress response, metabolism, and immune regulation.
  • Thyroid: The thyroid gland is regulated by the pituitary gland through TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone). TSH signals the thyroid to produce and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which are critical for regulating metabolism and energy balance.
  • Testis: The secretion of hormones from the testes, such as testosterone, is controlled by the pituitary gland via LH (Luteinizing hormone) and FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone). These hormones regulate spermatogenesis and the production of androgens.

The correct answer is Absorb harmful radiation.

Explanation:

• Melanin is a pigment produced by cells known as melanocytes, which are found in the skin, hair, and eyes of humans and other animals.
• Its primary function in the skin is to provide protection against damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
• Melanin absorbs UV radiation, reducing its penetration into the deeper layers of the skin where it could damage DNA and potentially lead to skin cancer.
• Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen by absorbing and dissipating harmful UV radiation.
• People with higher melanin levels, such as those with darker skin, have better natural protection against UV radiation compared to individuals with lighter skin.
• However, excessive exposure to UV rays can still overwhelm the protective capacity of melanin, making sunscreen and protective clothing important for all skin types.

Other Options:

• Cause the skin to be cooler:
  • Melanin does not regulate skin temperature. The temperature of the skin is controlled by factors such as blood flow, sweat production, and environmental conditions.
• Increase the amount of blood flow:
  • Blood flow in the skin is regulated by the circulatory system and vasodilation or vasoconstriction of blood vessels, not by melanin.
• 3) Strengthen the skin:
  • Collagen and elastin are the key proteins that provide strength and elasticity to the skin.

The correct answer is Calcitonin and Glucagon

Explanation:

• Calcitonin: Calcitonin is a peptide hormone. It is a 32-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced primarily by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland in humans. Its main role is to lower blood calcium levels.
• Glucagon: Glucagon is a peptide hormone. It is a 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Its primary function is to raise blood glucose levels, counteracting the effects of insulin.
• Serotonin: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter and hormone, derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It is not a peptide hormone; it's a small molecule amine.
• Thyroxine: Thyroxine (T₄​ ) is a thyroid hormone. It is derived from the amino acid tyrosine and contains iodine atoms. It is classified as an amino acid derivative hormone or a steroid-like hormone due to its lipid solubility and mechanism of action.

The correct answer is A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Explanation:

A. Progesterone - IV (Corpus luteum):

• Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries.
• It plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy by preparing the uterine lining for implantation of the fertilized egg.
• During pregnancy, the placenta also produces progesterone to support fetal development.

B. Relaxin - II (Ovary):

• Relaxin is a hormone secreted mainly by the ovary, specifically by the corpus luteum, during pregnancy.
• It helps relax the ligaments in the pelvis and softens the cervix to prepare for childbirth.
• It also plays a role in inhibiting uterine contractions during early pregnancy.

C. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - I (Pars intermedia):

• MSH is produced by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (a part of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary).
• It regulates the production and release of melanin in the skin, which affects pigmentation.

D. Catecholamines - III (Adrenal Medulla):

• Catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
• These hormones are part of the body's response to stress ("fight-or-flight" response), increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.
• Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.

Concept:

• Exocrine glands: The glands which secrete substances on the epithelial surface through the ducts are called exocrine glands. Eg. sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate, and mucous glands.
• Endocrine glands: The glands which secrete hormones and other substances directly into the bloodstream are called endocrine glands. Eg. Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Thymus, Gonads, etc.

​Explanation:

Endocrine Glands: 

• Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, called ductless glands. Their secretions are called hormones
• Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts
• The hormones are emptied directly into the bloodstream and then transported to target cells by blood
• The endocrine system regulates the metabolic activities of the body like body growth, sexual development & other biological processes
• The endocrine gland signalling is slow but its effects are prolonged 
• Some of the major endocrine glands are the Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Thymus, Gonads, etc.

 Additional Information

The correct answer is Pineal gland.

Key Points

• Melatonin, also known as hormone of darkness is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness.
• The hormone is involved in sleep regulation, as well as in a number of other cyclical bodily activities and circadian rhythm in humans.
• Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the 'time of day' and 'time of year' to all tissues and is thus considered as the body's chronological pacemaker or 'Zeitgeber'.
• Pharmacology of Melatonin-
• 
• Light has two effects on melatonin: day-night light cycles modify the rhythm of its secretion, and brief pulses of light of sufficient intensity and duration abruptly suppress its production.
• The hormone secretion in humans increases soon after the onset of darkness, peaks within the middle of the night, and gradually falls during the last half of the night.
• Uses: 
  • Treatment of sleep problem.
  • Act as an antioxidant that can significantly affect many health problems.

Additional Information

• Food items that contains Melatonin are - Milk, Fatty fish, Oats, Mushroom, Rice, Bananas, etc.
• Foods to avoid before sleeping are- Chocolate, Tomatoes, Pizza and Citrus fruits.

Key Points

• A gland is an organ that produce one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. 
• Endocrine glands - 
  • They are ductless glands.
  • Endocrine glands secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream.
• Exocrine glands - 
  • Exocrine glands secretes their products through ducts.
  • Exocrine glands secrete their substances through ducts and they reach the target organs.

Explanation:

• Heterocrine glands are the glands which work as both exocrine gland and endocrine gland.
• They have both exocrine and endocrine functions.
• For example, the Pancreas acts as both exocrine and endocrine glands.
• The exocrine secretions include the pancreatic juice which contains enzymes to aid digestion of food in the small intestine.
• The endocrine secretions include the secretion of hormones like Glucagon and Insulin.

Key Points

• The hormone that increases the heartbeat if present in higher concentrations is adrenaline.
• Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla which is the inner part of the adrenal gland.
• The adrenal medulla also secretes noradrenaline. These two hormones are commonly called catecholamines.
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to the stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called hormones of Fight-or-Flight or emergency hormones.
• The hormone increases the heartbeat, the strength of the heart contraction, blood pressure, and the rate of respiration and also expands the air passages of the lungs.
• It also increases alertness, sweating, piloerection (raising of hair), and pupillary dilation.

Additional Information

• Insulin-
  • ​Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by β- cells of Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
  • It plays important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
  • Insulin also stimulates glycogenesis.
• Calcitonin-
  • ​Calcitonin is a protein hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.
  • It regulates blood calcium levels.
• Glucagon-
  • Glucagon is secreted by α- cells of Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
  • It is a peptide hormone and plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.
  • It stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Hence, the correct option is (2) Adrenaline.

The correct answer is Pineal Gland. 

Key Points

• Located near the center of the brain, the pineal gland is the smallest gland in the human body with a length of about 5-8 mm.
• The gland produces melatonin and serotonin and is, therefore, responsible for modulating sleep patterns.

The correct answer is Goiter

Explanation:

• The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
• Thyroxine (T4) is one of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It is responsible for regulating metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and bone maintenance.
• Iodine is an essential nutrient that is crucial for the production of thyroxine. A deficiency in iodine can lead to thyroid gland problems, including goiter and hypothyroidism.
•  

The Correct answer is Both A and B.

Key Points

• These are 4 in number present on the backside of the thyroid gland in such a manner that 2 parathyroid glands present on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland.
• The thyroid gland itself is located in the neck, just below the larynx (voice box), and consists of two lobes that are connected by a thin strip of tissue called the isthmus.
• These glands secrete 'Parathyroid hormone' or Parathormone/ Collip hormone is responsible for absorption of calcium from food as well as from kidneys and deposit that on bones and teeth.
• This hormone is responsible for increases in calcium levels in the blood.
  • That's why the parathyroid hormone is also known as the Hypercalcemic factor.
• Deficiency of parathyroid hormone leads to various conditions such as as- Tremors, Internal bleeding, Tetanus.
• Calcium ion helps in the contraction of Cardiac muscles.
  • If the excess amount of calcium is present the contradiction may persist for a longer time, resulting in heart failure.

The correct answer is A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Explanation:

A. Progesterone - IV (Corpus luteum):

• Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries.
• It plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy by preparing the uterine lining for implantation of the fertilized egg.
• During pregnancy, the placenta also produces progesterone to support fetal development.

B. Relaxin - II (Ovary):

• Relaxin is a hormone secreted mainly by the ovary, specifically by the corpus luteum, during pregnancy.
• It helps relax the ligaments in the pelvis and softens the cervix to prepare for childbirth.
• It also plays a role in inhibiting uterine contractions during early pregnancy.

C. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - I (Pars intermedia):

• MSH is produced by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (a part of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary).
• It regulates the production and release of melanin in the skin, which affects pigmentation.

D. Catecholamines - III (Adrenal Medulla):

• Catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
• These hormones are part of the body's response to stress ("fight-or-flight" response), increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.
• Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.

The correct answer is Blood

Explanation:

• Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which play crucial roles in maintaining blood glucose levels.
• The endocrine function of the pancreas involves the secretion of these hormones directly into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach their target cells in various parts of the body.
• Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas (beta cells for insulin and alpha cells for glucagon) into the blood.
• The blood serves as the transport medium for these hormones, carrying them to target tissues such as the liver, muscles, and fat cells.
• The bloodstream ensures rapid and efficient delivery, enabling the hormones to regulate blood sugar levels effectively.

The correct answer is Adrenal medulla

Explanation:

• The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the secretion of hormones from many other endocrine glands in the body.
• It secretes hormones like ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone), and others, which regulate various glands and organs. However, not all endocrine glands are under the direct control of the pituitary gland.
  • Adrenal medulla: The secretion of hormones from the adrenal medulla is not controlled by the pituitary gland. Instead, it is regulated directly by the autonomic nervous system. The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which are involved in the "fight or flight" response. These hormones are released in response to stress and are controlled by neural signals rather than hormonal signals from the pituitary.
  • Adrenal cortex: The adrenal cortex is under the control of the pituitary gland via ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids, such as cortisol, which play a role in stress response, metabolism, and immune regulation.
  • Thyroid: The thyroid gland is regulated by the pituitary gland through TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone). TSH signals the thyroid to produce and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which are critical for regulating metabolism and energy balance.
  • Testis: The secretion of hormones from the testes, such as testosterone, is controlled by the pituitary gland via LH (Luteinizing hormone) and FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone). These hormones regulate spermatogenesis and the production of androgens.