India’s Foreign Policy MCQ Quiz in தமிழ் - Objective Question with Answer for India’s Foreign Policy - இலவச PDF ஐப் பதிவிறக்கவும்

The correct answer is A is true, but R is false.

Explanation: 
 Key PointsThe strategic partnership between India and the European Union (EU) indeed extends far beyond the realms of economic cooperation, covering a wide spectrum of areas including climate change, counter-terrorism, and technological collaboration. Let's delve into each of these aspects in detail:

Economic Cooperation:

• The EU is one of India's largest trading partners, and this economic bond forms a foundational aspect of their relationship. The partnership includes trade in goods and services, as well as flows of investment in both directions.
• Negotiations for a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) have been a significant aspect of this economic relationship, aiming to reduce tariff barriers and improve market access.

Climate Change and Environmental Cooperation:

• Climate change is a critical area of collaboration, with both India and the EU being signatories to the Paris Agreement.
• The EU and India engage in dialogues and joint projects focusing on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable development. The EU's expertise in renewable technologies and India's vast renewable energy potential make this a key area of mutual interest.
• Collaborative efforts also extend to addressing environmental challenges such as air and water pollution, and biodiversity conservation.

Counter-Terrorism and Security:

• Counter-terrorism is another significant area of cooperation. Both parties have a shared interest in combating terrorism and have engaged in dialogues and joint exercises to enhance their capabilities in this domain.
• This includes intelligence sharing, combating the financing of terrorism, and addressing radicalization. The EU and India also work together in international forums on matters related to security and counter-terrorism.

Technological Collaboration and Research:

• The EU and India collaborate extensively in the field of science and technology. This includes joint research initiatives, sharing of best practices, and technological exchanges.
• Areas of focus include information technology, biotechnology, and space research, where both have complementary strengths. For instance, collaborations in areas like 5G technology and artificial intelligence are of mutual interest.

Cultural and Educational Ties:

• Cultural exchange and educational partnerships are also a part of this strategic relationship. The EU's Erasmus+ program, for example, offers opportunities for student and academic exchange between India and EU member states.
• These exchanges help in fostering a better understanding and building people-to-people connections, which are essential for long-term diplomatic relations.

Global Governance:

• India and the EU also cooperate on issues of global governance. This includes working together in multilateral forums such as the United Nations, G20, and the World Trade Organization.
• They collaborate on global issues like healthcare, sustainable development, and crisis management.

Regional Stability and Cooperation:

• Geopolitically, both India and the EU have vested interests in maintaining regional stability, particularly in South Asia and the neighboring regions.
• Dialogues and collaborations in areas like maritime security, especially in the Indian Ocean, are part of their strategic interests.

Additional Information India largest trade partner as of 2024 is the United States of America. The United States is India's biggest trading partner, with total trade between the two countries amounting to almost $100 billion. While if we look at organisations ASEAN has emerges as the largest trade partner of India.

The strategic partnership between India and the EU is multifaceted, encompassing a wide array of areas that go well beyond mere trade and economics. This partnership is built on shared values, mutual interests, and a commitment to addressing both regional and global challenges.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation: India had a strong defence partnership with the USSR. The USA did impose sanctions on India in 1998, but these were later lifted. However, the statement about India and China resolving all border disputes is incorrect; these remain ongoing issues.

 Key Points

• The defense partnership between India and the USSR, and later Russia, has been a significant aspect of India's foreign and defense policy. During the Cold War era, India maintained a policy of non-alignment but developed a close relationship with the USSR. This relationship was marked by significant defense cooperation, with the USSR becoming a major supplier of military hardware to India. This partnership continued even after the dissolution of the USSR, with Russia remaining a key defense partner for India.
• The USA did impose sanctions on India in 1998 following India's nuclear tests. These tests were seen as a breach of the non-proliferation norm, and the sanctions were part of an international response to discourage nuclear proliferation. The sanctions included a ban on the transfer of technology and military equipment, as well as economic measures. However, these sanctions were gradually lifted, especially after the 9/11 attacks, as the USA and India found common ground in the fight against terrorism and in balancing the rise of China. The relationship between the USA and India has since evolved into a strategic partnership, with increasing defense and economic cooperation.
• Regarding India and China, the statement about resolving all border disputes is indeed incorrect. India and China share a long and complex border, and there have been several disputes and stand-offs over the years. The primary disputes are over the Aksai Chin region, which is controlled by China but claimed by India, and the Arunachal Pradesh region, which is administered by India but claimed by China. These border disputes have been a source of tension in India-China relations and have led to several military stand-offs, including the 1962 war and more recent skirmishes.

 Additional Information

• Efforts have been made to manage these disputes through diplomatic channels, and there have been several rounds of talks and agreements to maintain peace and stability along the border.
• However, a final resolution of these disputes has not been achieved, and they continue to be a significant point of contention between India and China. The complex historical, strategic, and nationalistic factors involved make these disputes challenging to resolve.

The correct answer is India advocates for non-proliferation and credible minimum deterrence

Explanation: India's Nuclear Policy is rooted in non-alignment, emphasizing non-proliferation and maintaining a credible minimum deterrence to safeguard national security.

 Key PointsIndia's nuclear policy has been a topic of significant interest and analysis in international relations, especially given its unique position as a nuclear-armed country that is not a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The key tenets of India's nuclear policy are deeply rooted in its historical, geopolitical, and strategic context.

Historical Context

• Post-Independence Non-Alignment: Post-independence, India's foreign policy was significantly influenced by the principle of non-alignment, spearheaded by its first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. This policy sought to keep India away from the power blocs of the Cold War era. India's approach to nuclear weapons was also shaped by this principle, emphasizing independence in decision-making.
• Peaceful Nuclear Program and Nuclear Weapons Development: Initially, India focused on peaceful nuclear development. However, the regional security dynamics, particularly after the Sino-Indian war in 1962 and Pakistan's nuclear program, influenced India's decision to develop nuclear weapons. The 1974 "peaceful nuclear explosion" marked India's entry into the club of nations with nuclear capabilities.

Key Tenets of India's Nuclear Policy

• No First Use (NFU): One of the cornerstones of India's nuclear doctrine is the No First Use policy, declared after its nuclear tests in 1998. It asserts that India will not be the first to use nuclear weapons in any conflict but retains the right to retaliate if attacked with nuclear weapons.
• Credible Minimum Deterrence: This concept underlines that India will maintain a nuclear arsenal sufficient to deter adversaries but will not engage in an arms race. The idea is to have a credible, survivable, and effective nuclear deterrent to maintain strategic stability in the region.
• Non-Proliferation Commitment: Despite not signing the NPT, India has a strong record of non-proliferation. It supports the idea of global nuclear disarmament and has implemented strict control over nuclear materials and technology, aligning with international standards.
• Civilian Nuclear Agreements: India has actively sought civilian nuclear agreements with several countries, demonstrating its commitment to peaceful nuclear energy use. These agreements also signify international acceptance of India's nuclear program.
• Moratorium on Testing: After the 1998 nuclear tests, India declared a unilateral moratorium on further nuclear testing. This reflects a responsible approach to nuclear stewardship and an understanding of the global consequences of nuclear testing.

Strategic and Geopolitical Considerations

• Regional Security Dynamics: India's nuclear policy is heavily influenced by its regional security environment, particularly the long-standing rivalry with Pakistan and the rising power of China, both nuclear-armed states.
• Deterrence Stability in South Asia: India's NFU policy and credible minimum deterrence doctrine aim to maintain strategic stability in South Asia, reducing the risk of a nuclear arms race or nuclear conflict in the region.
• Global Diplomatic Positioning: India's nuclear policy is also a tool for diplomatic positioning. By upholding principles of responsible nuclear stewardship and non-alignment, India seeks to maintain its independence in foreign policy and improve its standing in global forums.

Challenges and Criticisms

• NFU Policy Debate: The NFU policy has been subject to debate within India, with some arguing for more flexibility in the face of evolving threats.
• Regional Arms Race: Despite India's emphasis on credible minimum deterrence, the region has seen a gradual arms build-up, especially with Pakistan's development of tactical nuclear weapons and China's modernization of its nuclear arsenal.
• Global Non-Proliferation Regime: India's position outside the NPT continues to raise questions about the global non-proliferation regime's inclusiveness and effectiveness.

 Additional Information

• India's nuclear policy is a complex interplay of historical principles, strategic needs, and regional security dynamics. While rooted in ideals of non-alignment and global disarmament, it is also pragmatically tailored to address the challenges of a nuclearized neighborhood and India's growing stature on the global stage.

The Correct Answer is Multi-dimensional engagement with West Asia

Explanation: India's 'Look West' policy aims to pursue multi-dimensional engagement with West Asia, indicating a comprehensive approach to relations with countries in that region.

 Key Points

India's 'Look West' policy, emphasizing its commitment to pursuing multi-dimensional engagement with West Asia. This approach signifies a comprehensive strategy that encompasses various aspects of diplomatic, economic, and geopolitical interactions with the nations in the West Asian region. Here's a detailed explanation:

• Diplomatic Dimension: India's 'Look West' policy involves proactive diplomatic efforts aimed at fostering stronger ties with countries in West Asia. Diplomatic engagement includes high-level interactions such as summit meetings, official visits, and strategic dialogues to build trust and understanding between India and West Asian nations. This dimension signifies a commitment to diplomacy as a means of addressing regional and global challenges collaboratively.
• Economic Collaboration: The multi-dimensional nature of the policy extends to economic cooperation, emphasizing partnerships beyond the energy sector. Trade agreements, investment initiatives, and joint economic projects are part of India's efforts to diversify and strengthen economic relations with West Asian countries. This economic dimension aims to enhance mutual prosperity and contribute to the economic development of both India and West Asia.
• Security and Counterterrorism Cooperation: It suggests a growing convergence between India and the UAE on tackling terrorism, indicating a shared commitment to regional security. Security collaboration includes intelligence-sharing, joint military exercises, and cooperation in addressing common threats, contributing to stability in the region.
• Strategic Relationships: India's 'Look West' policy involves cultivating strategic relationships with individual nations in West Asia, as mentioned in the passage regarding Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, and Iran. These strategic partnerships are based on shared interests and objectives, contributing to a nuanced and flexible foreign policy that considers the geopolitical complexities of the region.
• Cultural and People-to-People Connections: Multi-dimensional engagement recognizes the importance of cultural exchange, educational collaborations, and people-to-people connections. Initiatives to promote cultural understanding and strengthen ties at the grassroots level contribute to building lasting relationships beyond government-level interactions.
• Regional Significance and Global Standing: The 'Look West' policy positions India as a key player in the geopolitics of West Asia, reflecting the nation's aspirations for regional influence. Regional stability is not only a goal in itself but also enhances India's global standing, enabling it to play a more active role in international forums.

 Additional Information

• India's 'Look West' policy adopts a multi-dimensional approach to engage with West Asia comprehensively.
• This approach reflects a nuanced understanding of the diverse opportunities and challenges in the region and underscores India's commitment to being an influential and constructive player in West Asian affairs.

The correct answer is 'A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III'

Key Points

• Boxer Rebellion in China (A - IV):
  • The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1900 and 1901.
  • It was initiated by the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" and targeted foreign nationals and Chinese Christians.
• Mexican Revolution (B - I):
  • The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920, radically transforming Mexican culture and government.
  • It began as a rebellion against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz and developed into a multi-sided civil war.
• Japan invaded Manchuria (C - II):
  • In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a region in Northeast China, marking a significant event leading up to the Second World War.
  • This invasion was part of Japan’s imperialist expansion and led to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
• Germany Reoccupied the Rhineland (D - III):
  • In 1936, Nazi Germany remilitarized the Rhineland, violating the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties.
  • This move was a key step in Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy and a precursor to further expansionist actions.

• Historical Context:
  • Understanding these events helps in comprehending the global political dynamics and shifts during the early 20th century.
  • Each event had significant implications for international relations and the subsequent course of history.

The correct answer is 2017.

Key Points

• 19th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Conference:
  • The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held from October 18 to October 24, 2017, in Beijing.
  • This conference is a significant event in Chinese politics as it sets the direction for the party and the country for the next five years.
  • During the conference, Xi Jinping was reaffirmed as the General Secretary of the CCP, solidifying his authority.
  • The congress also introduced Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era into the CCP Constitution.

Additional Information

• Other Options Explained:
  • 2013:
    • The 18th National Congress of the CCP was held in 2012, not 2013. This congress marked the transition of leadership from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping.
  • 2015:
    • No significant CCP Congress was held in 2015. The 18th Congress was held in 2012, and the 19th Congress in 2017.
  • 2019:
    • The 19th Congress was held in 2017, and the next, the 20th, was scheduled for 2022, not 2019.

The correct answer is '(A), (D) and (E) Only'

Key Points

• China's peaceful rise:
  • The concept of China's peaceful rise was introduced to assure the world that China's growing power would not pose a threat to international peace and stability.
  • However, several actions by China contradict this claim and suggest that the peaceful rise is more myth than reality.
• China's nibbling of neighbours' territory through "Salami Slicing" strategy:
  • This strategy involves gradually encroaching on the territories of neighboring countries to gain strategic advantages without provoking a full-scale conflict.
  • Examples include territorial disputes in the South China Sea and the Sino-Indian border regions.
• China's assertion of 9-dash lines:
  • The 9-dash line is a demarcation line used by China to claim large areas of the South China Sea, conflicting with claims by other countries like Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia.
  • This assertion has led to significant tensions and conflicts in the region, undermining the notion of a peaceful rise.
• China's pursuit of "Wolf-Warrior Diplomacy":
  • This aggressive and confrontational style of diplomacy involves Chinese diplomats adopting a more assertive and nationalistic approach in defending China's interests.
  • This approach has strained China's relationships with various countries and is at odds with the idea of a peaceful rise.

Additional Information

• China's massive aid to Asian and African countries:
  • While China provides significant aid to many countries, this is often seen as part of its strategy to expand its influence and secure access to resources, rather than a purely altruistic act.
  • This aid can create dependency and leverage for China, which may not align with the concept of a peaceful rise.
• China's support to non-democratic and authoritarian countries:
  • China's alliances with authoritarian regimes can be viewed as a means to counterbalance Western influence rather than a commitment to peaceful coexistence.
  • Such support can destabilize regions and contribute to international tensions.

The correct answer is '(A), (B) and (D) Only.'

Key Points

• China has blocked India's membership to NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group):
  • China has repeatedly blocked India's entry into the NSG, arguing that India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
  • This has been a significant point of contention in Sino-Indian relations.
• India has refused to be part of China promoted BRI (Belt and Road Initiative):
  • India has consistently opposed the BRI, citing sovereignty concerns, particularly with the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passing through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
  • India also expresses concerns over debt-trap diplomacy and lack of transparency in the BRI projects.
• India and China cooperate with each other in climate change talks:
  • Despite other differences, India and China have found common ground in climate change negotiations, advocating for the interests of developing countries.
  • Both countries are part of the BASIC group (Brazil, South Africa, India, China) that seeks to influence global climate policies.

Additional Information

• Gujral doctrine believes in reciprocity:
  • The Gujral Doctrine, named after former Indian Prime Minister I.K. Gujral, emphasizes non-reciprocal accommodation of India’s smaller neighbors to foster better relations.
  • This doctrine aims at creating a peaceful neighborhood without expecting reciprocal gestures.
• Sino-Indian trade is an example of balanced trade:
  • Contrary to the statement, Sino-Indian trade is highly imbalanced, with India facing a significant trade deficit with China.
  • India has been trying to address this trade imbalance through various measures and negotiations.

The correct answer is 'A - I, B - II, C - III'

Key Points

• Abul Ahsan:
  • Abul Ahsan served as the first Secretary General of SAARC from January 16, 1987, to October 15, 1989.
• Yadav Kant Silwal:
  • Yadav Kant Silwal held the position of Secretary General of SAARC from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1995.
• Naeem U. Hasan:
  • Naeem U. Hasan served as the Secretary General of SAARC from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1998.

Additional Information

• The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization of eight countries that are primarily located in South Asia.
• Its Secretary General is appointed for a tenure of three years.
• The correct sequence of Secretary Generals and their tenures is crucial for understanding the administrative history and leadership of SAARC.

The correct answer is B, D, C, A, E

Explanation: Several significant agreements and accords were inked between the Indian government and regional organizations. In 1973, the Shiromani Akali Dal presented the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Subsequently, the Shillong Agreement of 1975 addressed the insurgency crisis in Nagaland. In 1985, the Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord aimed to pacify the separatist movement in Punjab, coinciding with the signing of the Assam Accord to tackle political instability. Finally, the conclusion of decades-long violence in Mizoram was marked by the Mizo Peace Accord of 1986.

Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973):

• Background: The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was put forth by the Shiromani Akali Dal, a political party representing the Sikhs in Punjab. The resolution was a response to perceived economic and political marginalization of the Sikh community and sought greater autonomy for the state of Punjab.
• Objectives: The primary objectives were to secure political and economic rights for the Sikh-majority state of Punjab within the Indian Union. It demanded more powers for the state government and greater protection for the Sikh religious and cultural identity.
• Outcome: The resolution was not accepted by the Indian government, and the demand for an autonomous state was not fulfilled. Tensions escalated, eventually leading to the Operation Blue Star in 1984, a military action to remove militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar.

Shillong Agreement (1975):

• Background: The Shillong Accord was a result of negotiations between the Indian government and the Naga National Council (NNC) to address the insurgency crisis in Nagaland. The Naga insurgency sought independence for the Naga-inhabited areas.
• Objectives: The accord aimed to bring an end to the violent insurgency and establish a framework for the Naga people to be integrated into the Indian Union while preserving their cultural and ethnic identity.
• Outcome: The accord, however, faced criticism and opposition from some factions within the Naga movement. The dissatisfaction eventually led to the formation of other Naga insurgent groups, perpetuating some level of conflict in the region.

Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord (1985):

• Background: This accord was a response to the long-standing demand for Sikh autonomy and the separatist movement led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale in Punjab. The demand for an independent Sikh state, Khalistan, was a major challenge to the Indian state.
• Objectives: The accord aimed to bring an end to the separatist movement by addressing the political and economic demands of the Sikhs. It outlined provisions for greater autonomy for Punjab and Sikh rights.
• Outcome: Unfortunately, the accord did not lead to lasting peace. The assassination of Harchand Singh Longowal, one of the key signatories, in 1985, and subsequent events, including Operation Black Thunder, continued to fuel tensions in Punjab.

Assam Accord (1985):

• Background: The Assam Accord was a response to the Assam Agitation, which protested against the alleged influx of "illegal" immigrants, particularly from Bangladesh, leading to demographic changes in Assam.
• Objectives: The accord aimed to address the concerns of the Assamese people by identifying and deporting illegal immigrants, protecting the cultural and linguistic rights of the indigenous population, and restoring political stability in the state.
• Outcome: The accord led to the implementation of various measures, including the updating of the National Register of Citizens (NRC). However, challenges and controversies surrounding the identification of illegal immigrants persisted.

Mizo Peace Accord (1986):

• Background: The Mizo Peace Accord was the result of negotiations between the Indian government and the Mizo National Front (MNF), an insurgent group seeking independence for Mizoram.
• Objectives: The accord aimed to bring an end to decades-long violence and insurgency in Mizoram by addressing the political and economic demands of the Mizo people.
• Outcome: The accord successfully led to the establishment of peace in Mizoram. The MNF leader, Laldenga, became the Chief Minister of Mizoram, marking the beginning of a new era of stability and development in the region.

 Additional Information

• These agreements and accords reflect the complex socio-political challenges faced by the Indian government in dealing with regional aspirations, autonomy demands, and separatist movements.
• While some accords have contributed to peace and stability, others have faced criticism and challenges in their implementation, highlighting the ongoing complexities of India's federal structure.