Which of the following statement is incorrect?

• Effective stress is a mathematical parameter that represents the stress transferred through the soil grains, excluding pore water pressure.
• It has a physical meaning because it affects the behavior of soils, such as settlement and shear strength.
• Effective stress is also known as the intergranular contact stress, which is crucial for understanding soil mechanics.
• Although effective stress cannot be directly measured, it can be calculated using known parameters such as total stress and pore water pressure.

Solution:

The incorrect statement is: Option 2) Effective stress has no physical meaning